An Artificial Immune System-Based Strategy to Enhance Reputation in MANETs
Main Article Content
Keywords
MANET, Trust, Reputation, Selfish, PAMP, Artificial Immune System
Abstract
In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) the nodes act as a host as well as a router, thereby forming a self-organizing network that does not rely upon fixed infrastructure, other than gateways to other networks. Security is important for MANETs and trust computation is used to improve collaboration between nodes. This paper proposes an Artificial Immune System-based reputation (AISREP) algorithm to compute trust and thereby provide a resilient reputation mechanism. In this paper, the presence of selfish nodes are considered. Selfish nodes are known to enhance the reputation of their selfish peers which in turn causes packet loss. In the event of the packet being routed using the AISREP algorithm, even though the number of selfish nodes increases, this algorithm identifies the selfish nodes and avoids using the selfish nodes from the routing path thereby improving the overall performance of the network.
Downloads
References
Aickelin, U., & Cayzer, S. (2008). The danger theory and its application to artificial immune systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:0801.3549. https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.3549
Basagni, S., Conti, M., Giordano, S., & Stojmenovic, I. (2013). Mobile ad hoc networking. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. doi: 10.1002/0471656895
Buchegger, S., & Le Boudec, J.-Y. (2005). Self-policing mobile ad hoc networks by reputation systems. IEEE Communications Magazine, 43(7), 101-107. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1470831
Forrest, S., Perelson, A. S., Allen, L., & Cherukuri, R. (1994). Self-nonself discrimination in a computer. Research in Security and Privacy, 1994. Proceedings, 1994 IEEE Computer Society Symposium. https://www.cs.unm.edu/~immsec/publications/virus.pdf
Greensmith, J., & Aickelin, U. (2008). The deterministic dendritic cell algorithm. Paper presented at the International Conference on Artificial Immune Systems. https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1428224
Gupta, N., & Singh, S. N. (2016). Wormhole attacks in MANET. Paper presented at the Cloud System and Big Data Engineering (Confluence), 2016 6th International Conference. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7508120
Henderson, T. R., Lacage, M., Riley, G. F., Dowell, C., & Kopena, J. (2008). Network simulations with the ns-3 simulator. SIGCOMM demonstration, 14(14), 527. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.415.6550&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Ishmanov, F., & Kim, S. W. (2011). A secure trust establishment in wireless sensor networks. Paper presented at the Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICEEI), 2011 International Conference. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6021517
Jhaveri, R. H., Patel, S. J., & Jinwala, D. C. (2012). Improving route discovery for AODV to prevent blackhole and grayhole attacks in MANETs. INFOCOMP, 11(1), 1-12. http://www.dcc.ufla.br/infocomp/index.php/INFOCOMP/article/view/362/346
Matzinger, P. (2001). Essay 1: the Danger model in its historical context. Scandinavian journal of immunology, 54(1?2),4-9. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.00974.x
McCoy, D., Sicker, D., & Grunwald, D. (2007). A mechanism for detecting and responding to misbehaving nodes in wireless networks. Paper presented at the Networking Technologies for Software Define Radio Networks, 2007 2nd IEEE Workshop. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/4348973
Mei, J.-P., Yu, H., Liu, Y., Shen, Z., & Miao, C. (2014). A social trust model considering trustees’ influence. Paper presented at the International Conference on Principles and Practice of Multi-Agent Systems. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-13191-7_29
Murthy, S., & Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J. J. (1996). An efficient routing protocol for wireless networks. Mobile Networks and Applications, 1(2), 183-197. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01193336
Perkins, C., Belding-Royer, E., & Das, S. (2003). Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing (2070-1721). IETF RFC 3561. https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3561.txt
Raffo, D. (2005). Security schemes for the OLSR protocol for ad hoc networks. Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris VI. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010678/
Saha, H. N., Bhattacharyya, D., Banerjee, B., Mukherjee, S., Singh, R., & Ghosh, D. (2013). A review on attacks and secure routing protocols in MANET. International Journal of Innovative Research and Review, 1(2), 12-36. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Himadri_Saha2/publication/289510067_A_REVIEW_ON_ATTACKS_AND_SECURE_ROUTING_PROTOCOLS_IN_MANET/links/568d817808aef987e56601aa.pdf
Schütte, M. (2006). Detecting selfish and malicious nodes in MANETs. Paper presented at the Seminar: sicherheit in selbstorganisierenden netzen, hpi/universität potsdam, sommersemester. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e733/fc1753454231559f6b47906c2d2cf73390c4.pdf
Sen, J., Chandra, M. G., Harihara, S., Reddy, H., & Balamuralidhar, P. (2007). A mechanism for detection of gray hole attack in mobile Ad Hoc networks. Paper presented at the Information, Communications & Signal Processing, 2007 6th International Conference. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/4449664
Shaikh, R. A., Jameel, H., d'Auriol, B. J., Lee, H., Lee, S., & Song, Y.-J. (2009). Group-based trust management scheme for clustered wireless sensor networks. IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems, 20(11), 1698-1712. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/4721432
Sharma, N., & Sharma, A. (2012). The black-hole node attack in MANET. Paper presented at the Advanced Computing & Communication Technologies (ACCT), 2012 Second International Conference. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6168430
Steinman, R. M., & Cohn, Z. A. (1973). Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice: I. Morphology, quantitation, tissue distribution. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 137(5), 1142-1162. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4573839
Tan, H. C., Ma, M., Labiod, H., Chong, P. H. J., & Zhang, J. (2017). A non?biased trust model for wireless mesh networks. International Journal of Communication Systems, 30(9), e3200. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/dac.3200
Twycross, J., & Aickelin, U. (2005). Towards a conceptual framework for innate immunity. Paper presented at the International Conference on Artificial Immune Systems. https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2156125
Xiong, L., & Liu, L. (2003). A reputation-based trust model for peer-to-peer ecommerce communities. Proceedings of the 4th ACM conference on Electronic commerce. https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=779972
Yih-Chun, H., & Perrig, A. (2004). A survey of secure wireless ad hoc routing. IEEE Security & Privacy, 2(3), 28-39. https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1009287
Article Sidebar
Article Details
Copyright Telecommunications Association Inc.
Lincy Elizebeth Jim, RMIT University
Lincy Elizebeth Jim is a final year PhD candidate in School of Engineering RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia, where she is a recipient of the Student Travel Award-ITNAC 2016. She has also received the JUNIPER NETWORKS CERTIFIED ASSOCIATE (JNCIA-Junos) certification. She has more than 5 years of working experience as an Oracle Technical Analyst. She received her Master of Technology in Electronics and Design Technology Engineering from National Institute of Technology, Calicut, India in 2007 and her Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Cochin University of Science and Technology in 2003.
Mark A Gregory, RMIT University
Mark A Gregory is an Associate Professor in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. He was born in Melbourne, Australia and received a PhD and a Master of Engineering from RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia in 2008 and 1992 respectively, and a Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical) from University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia in 1984.
Mark is a former Army officer who spent four years working on major defence projects, and is a director of an engineering consultancy. Dr Gregory is a Fellow of the Institute of Engineers Australia, a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. His research interests include cyber-security, fiber network design and operation, wireless networks and technical risk. Dr Gregory received an Australian Learning and Teaching Council Citation in 2009.
Mark was appointed Managing Editor and Editor-in-Chief of the Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy in January 2015. He has been a regular public policy commentator on telecommunications, especially on the status and future of the National Broadband Network, via the ABC, The Australian, Business Spectator, The Conversation and InnovationAus.com
