The Effect of Social Media Regulatory Content Law in Indonesia
Main Article Content
Keywords
Social Media, Social Media Regulation, Constitutional Law, Hoax News Effect
Abstract
Nowadays, information technology (IT) has been used widely in the world. People use IT in their jobs and get the latest information about everything that happens in the world. Therefore, IT has a big impact on peoples’ lives. Information can be found easily in a news portal, social media, and a search engine. This study used social media WhatsApp, Telegram, Facebook, and Instagram as the primary sources. In using social media, people can share positive (news, current research) or negative (hoax) information. Unfortunately, messages can be shared without verifying their truthfulness. Many people have used social media to share fake news and bullying. Hong Kong, France, Indonesia and Venezuela are examples of countries where a hoax has become the part of peoples’ lives. In Indonesia, the government created a Constitutional Law (CL), Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (CL of Information and Electronic Transactions), to regulate responses to negative information and filter this kind of information. This paper analyses the effect of social media regulatory law and hoax news on social life. The results of this study show that the Indonesian CL could be useful to regulate the use of social media in other countries.
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References
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Hutchinson, T., & Duncan, N. (2012). Defining and Describing What We Do: Doctrinal Legal Research. Deakin Law Review, 17(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.21153/dlr2012vol17no1art70
Idota, H., Bunno, T., & Tsuji, M. (2016). The effectiveness of social media use in Japanese firms. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. https://doi.org/10.1145/2955129.2955133
IHS Markit. (2019). Leaderless Resistance Drives Hong Kong Protests. Jane's By IHS Markit, 1–4.
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Kasakowskij, T., Fürst, J., Fischer, J., & Fietkiewicz, K. J. (2020). Network enforcement as denunciation endorsement? A critical study on legal enforcement in social media. Telematics and Informatics, 46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.101317
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Kemkominfo. (2019). https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/all/laporan_isu_hoaks
Khan, M. K., Wu, F., Pratt, C. B., & Akhtar, N. (2019). Satires, narratives and journalistic divides: Discourses on free speech in Western and Islamic news media. Social Science Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2019.05.012
Loeb, S., Taylor, J., Borin, J. F., Mihalcea, R., Perez-Rosas, V., Byrne, N., Chiang, A. L., & Langford, A. (2019). Fake News: Spread of Misinformation about Urological Conditions on Social Media. European Urology Focus, 6(3), 437–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2019.11.011
Luxton, D. D., June, J. D., & Fairall, J. M. (2012). Social media and suicide: A public health perspective. American Journal of Public Health, 102(2), 195–200. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300608
Ozbay, F. A., & Alatas, B. (2020). Fake news detection within online social media using supervised artificial intelligence algorithms. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 540, 123174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.123174
Park, K., & Rim, H. (2019). Social media hoaxes, political ideology, and the role of issue confidence. Telematics and Informatics, 36 (November), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.11.001
Purbrick, M. (2019). A Report of The 2019 Hong Kong Protests. Asian Affairs, 1–23 https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2019.1672397
Qin, B., Strömberg, D., & Wu, Y. (2017). Why does China allow freer social media? Protests versus surveillance and propaganda. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(1), 117–140. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.1.117
Randi Eka. (2018). Hoax Distribution Through Digital Platform in Indonesia 2018. https://dailysocial.id/post/laporan-dailysocial-distribusi-hoax-di-media-sosial-2018
Rasmussen, E. E., Punyanunt-Carter, N., LaFreniere, J. R., Norman, M. S., & Kimball, T. G. (2020). The serially mediated relationship between emerging adults’ social media use and mental well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 102, 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.08.019
Raudsepp, L. (2019). Brief report: Problematic social media use and sleep disturbances are longitudinally associated with depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 76, 197–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.09.005
Salas-Zárate, M. del P., Paredes-Valverde, M. A., Rodriguez-García, M. Á., Valencia-García, R., & Alor-Hernández, G. (2017). Automatic detection of satire in Twitter: A psycholinguistic-based approach. Knowledge-Based Systems, 128, 20–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2017.04.009
Shang, L., Zhang, D. (Yue), Wang, M., Lai, S., & Wang, D. (2019). Towards reliable online clickbait video detection: A content-agnostic approach. Knowledge-Based Systems, 182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2019.07.022
Sikharulidze, L. (2019). The Anatomy of The Yellow Vest Movement. Georgian Strategic Analysis Center. https://gsac.ge/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/The-Anatomy-of-the-Yellow-Vest-Movement.pdf
Stefan-Duicu, V. M., & Stefan-Duicu, A. (2015). Trans-Boarding the Doctrinal Phenomenon within the Management Sciences Towards a Creative Dimension. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 188, 259–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.387
Suzor, N. (2018). Digital Constitutionalism: Using the Rule of Law to Evaluate the Legitimacy of Governance by Platforms. Social Media and Society, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118787812
Talwar, S., Dhir, A., Kaur, P., Zafar, N., & Alarsheedy, M. (2019). Why do people share fake news? Associations between the dark side of social media use and fake new sharing behavior. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 51, 72-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.o5.026
Thornthwaite, L. (2016). Chilling times: social media policies, labour law and employment relations. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 54(3), 332–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12074
Thornthwaite, L. (2018). Social media and dismissal: Towards a reasonable expectation of privacy? Journal of Industrial Relations, 60(1), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185617723380
Valaskivi, K. (2007). Mapping Media and Communication Research: Japan, Department of Communication University of Helsinki. http://www.helsinki.fi/crc/Julkaisut/ReportJapan.pdf
van Brussel, S., Timmermans, M., Verkoeijen, P., & Paas, F. (2020). “Consider the Opposite” – Effects of elaborative feedback and correct answer feedback on reducing confirmation bias – A pre-registered study. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101844
Wang, Y., McKee, M., Torbica, A., & Stuckler, D. (2019). Systematic Literature Review on the Spread of Health-related Misinformation on Social Media. Social Science and Medicine, 240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112552
Zhang, C., Fan, C., Yao, W., Hu, X., & Mostafavi, A. (2019). Social media for intelligent public information and warning in disasters: An interdisciplinary review. International Journal of Information Management, 49, 190–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.04.004
Zhu, A. Y. F., Chan, A. L. S., & Chou, K. L. (2019). Creative social media use and political participation in young people: The moderation and mediation role of online political expression. Journal of Adolescence, 77, 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.10.010
Ali, S. I., Yusoff, Z. M., & Ayub, Z. A. (2017). Legal Research of Doctrinal and Non-Doctrinal. International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, 4(1), 493–495. http://www.ijtrd.com/papers/IJTRD6653.pdf
Avaaz. (2019). Yellow Vests Flooded by Fake News. Avaaz Report. https://avaazimages.avaaz.org/Report%20Yellow%20Vests%20FINAL.pdf
Bolton, R. N., Parasuraman, A., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., Kabadayi, S., Gruber, T., Loureiro, Y. K., & Solnet, D. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: A review and research agenda. Journal of Service Management, 24(3), 245–267. https://doi.org/10.1108/09564231311326987
Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2019). The Global Disinformation Disorder: 2019 Global Inventory of Organised Social Media Manipulation. Working Paper 2019.2, Oxford, UK: Project on Computational Propaganda. https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2019/09/CyberTroop-Report19.pdf
Brown, M., & Dent, C. (2018). Privacy concerns over employer access to employee social media. Monash University Law Review, 43(3), 796–827. https://www.monash.edu/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/1382381/08-Brown.pdf
Bryan, M. A., Evans, Y., Morishita, C., Midamba, N., & Moreno, M. (2019). Parental Perceptions of the Internet and Social Media as a source of Pediatric Health Information. Academic Pediatrics, 20(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2019.09.009
Cheng, Y., & Lee, C.-J. (2019). Online crisis communication in a post-truth Chinese society: Evidence from interdisciplinary literature. Public Relations Review, 45(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.101826
Chetty, N., & Alathur, S. (2018). Hate speech review in the context of online social networks. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 40, 108–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.05.003
Cheung, M., & She, J. (2016). Evaluating the privacy risk of user-shared images. ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications and Applications, 12(4s), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1145/2978568
China Daily. (2019). HK should consider law against fake news. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201911/15/WS5dcde255a310cf3e35577712.html
Chu, K., Colditz, J., Sidani, J., Zimmer, M., & Primack, B. (2019). Re-evaluating standards of human subjects protection for sensitive health data in social media networks. Social Networks. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2019.10.010
Dekker, R., van den Brink, P., & Meijer, A. (2020). Social media adoption in the police: Barriers and strategies. Government Information Quarterly, 37(2), 101441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.101441
Dyson, M. P., Hartling, L., Shulhan, J., Chisholm, A., Milne, A., Sundar, P., Scott, S. D., & Newton, A. S. (2016). A Systematic Review of Social Media Use to Discuss and View Deliberate Self-Harm Acts. PLOS ONE, 11(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155813
Eaton, N. (2014). Chromophobic Activism: The Politics and Materiality of Art and Colour in India, circa 1917–circa 1966. Third Text, 28(6), 475–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/09528822.2014.970769
Ellis, R. E. (2017). The Collapse of Venezuela and Its Impact on the Region, Military Review, 22–33. https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/military-review/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20170831_ELLIS_Collapse_of_Venezuela.pdf
Fang, A. (2017). Examining Information on Social Media: Topic Modelling, Trend Prediction and Community Classification. Proceedings of the 40th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval - SIGIR ’17, 1377. https://doi.org/10.1145/3077136.3084156
Fogel, J., & Adnan, M. (2019). Trust for online social media direct-to-consumer prescription medication advertisements. Health Policy and Technology, 8(4), 322–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2019.08.009
Gintova, M. (2019). Understanding government social media users: an analysis of interactions on Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada Twitter and Facebook. Government Information Quarterly, 36(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.06.005
He, T., Huang, C., Li, M., Zhou, Y., & Li, S. (2020). Social participation of the elderly in China: The roles of conventional media, digital access and social media engagement. Telematics and Informatics, 48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101347
Hutchinson, T., & Duncan, N. (2012). Defining and Describing What We Do: Doctrinal Legal Research. Deakin Law Review, 17(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.21153/dlr2012vol17no1art70
Idota, H., Bunno, T., & Tsuji, M. (2016). The effectiveness of social media use in Japanese firms. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. https://doi.org/10.1145/2955129.2955133
IHS Markit. (2019). Leaderless Resistance Drives Hong Kong Protests. Jane's By IHS Markit, 1–4.
Jang, S. M., Geng, T., Queenie Li, J. Y., Xia, R., Huang, C. T., Kim, H., & Tang, J. (2018). A computational approach for examining the roots and spreading patterns of fake news: Evolution tree analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.032
Jendryke, M., & McClure, S. C. (2019). Mapping crime – Hate crimes and hate groups in the USA: A spatial analysis with gridded data. Applied Geography, 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2019.102072
Kasakowskij, T., Fürst, J., Fischer, J., & Fietkiewicz, K. J. (2020). Network enforcement as denunciation endorsement? A critical study on legal enforcement in social media. Telematics and Informatics, 46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.101317
Kemenkumham. (2008). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik.
Kemkominfo. (2019). https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/all/laporan_isu_hoaks
Khan, M. K., Wu, F., Pratt, C. B., & Akhtar, N. (2019). Satires, narratives and journalistic divides: Discourses on free speech in Western and Islamic news media. Social Science Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2019.05.012
Loeb, S., Taylor, J., Borin, J. F., Mihalcea, R., Perez-Rosas, V., Byrne, N., Chiang, A. L., & Langford, A. (2019). Fake News: Spread of Misinformation about Urological Conditions on Social Media. European Urology Focus, 6(3), 437–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2019.11.011
Luxton, D. D., June, J. D., & Fairall, J. M. (2012). Social media and suicide: A public health perspective. American Journal of Public Health, 102(2), 195–200. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300608
Ozbay, F. A., & Alatas, B. (2020). Fake news detection within online social media using supervised artificial intelligence algorithms. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 540, 123174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.123174
Park, K., & Rim, H. (2019). Social media hoaxes, political ideology, and the role of issue confidence. Telematics and Informatics, 36 (November), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.11.001
Purbrick, M. (2019). A Report of The 2019 Hong Kong Protests. Asian Affairs, 1–23 https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2019.1672397
Qin, B., Strömberg, D., & Wu, Y. (2017). Why does China allow freer social media? Protests versus surveillance and propaganda. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(1), 117–140. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.1.117
Randi Eka. (2018). Hoax Distribution Through Digital Platform in Indonesia 2018. https://dailysocial.id/post/laporan-dailysocial-distribusi-hoax-di-media-sosial-2018
Rasmussen, E. E., Punyanunt-Carter, N., LaFreniere, J. R., Norman, M. S., & Kimball, T. G. (2020). The serially mediated relationship between emerging adults’ social media use and mental well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 102, 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.08.019
Raudsepp, L. (2019). Brief report: Problematic social media use and sleep disturbances are longitudinally associated with depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 76, 197–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.09.005
Salas-Zárate, M. del P., Paredes-Valverde, M. A., Rodriguez-García, M. Á., Valencia-García, R., & Alor-Hernández, G. (2017). Automatic detection of satire in Twitter: A psycholinguistic-based approach. Knowledge-Based Systems, 128, 20–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2017.04.009
Shang, L., Zhang, D. (Yue), Wang, M., Lai, S., & Wang, D. (2019). Towards reliable online clickbait video detection: A content-agnostic approach. Knowledge-Based Systems, 182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2019.07.022
Sikharulidze, L. (2019). The Anatomy of The Yellow Vest Movement. Georgian Strategic Analysis Center. https://gsac.ge/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/The-Anatomy-of-the-Yellow-Vest-Movement.pdf
Stefan-Duicu, V. M., & Stefan-Duicu, A. (2015). Trans-Boarding the Doctrinal Phenomenon within the Management Sciences Towards a Creative Dimension. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 188, 259–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.387
Suzor, N. (2018). Digital Constitutionalism: Using the Rule of Law to Evaluate the Legitimacy of Governance by Platforms. Social Media and Society, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118787812
Talwar, S., Dhir, A., Kaur, P., Zafar, N., & Alarsheedy, M. (2019). Why do people share fake news? Associations between the dark side of social media use and fake new sharing behavior. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 51, 72-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.o5.026
Thornthwaite, L. (2016). Chilling times: social media policies, labour law and employment relations. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 54(3), 332–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12074
Thornthwaite, L. (2018). Social media and dismissal: Towards a reasonable expectation of privacy? Journal of Industrial Relations, 60(1), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185617723380
Valaskivi, K. (2007). Mapping Media and Communication Research: Japan, Department of Communication University of Helsinki. http://www.helsinki.fi/crc/Julkaisut/ReportJapan.pdf
van Brussel, S., Timmermans, M., Verkoeijen, P., & Paas, F. (2020). “Consider the Opposite” – Effects of elaborative feedback and correct answer feedback on reducing confirmation bias – A pre-registered study. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101844
Wang, Y., McKee, M., Torbica, A., & Stuckler, D. (2019). Systematic Literature Review on the Spread of Health-related Misinformation on Social Media. Social Science and Medicine, 240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112552
Zhang, C., Fan, C., Yao, W., Hu, X., & Mostafavi, A. (2019). Social media for intelligent public information and warning in disasters: An interdisciplinary review. International Journal of Information Management, 49, 190–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.04.004
Zhu, A. Y. F., Chan, A. L. S., & Chou, K. L. (2019). Creative social media use and political participation in young people: The moderation and mediation role of online political expression. Journal of Adolescence, 77, 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.10.010
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Jun 30, 2020
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Hidayat, T., & Mahardiko, R. (2020). The Effect of Social Media Regulatory Content Law in Indonesia. Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy, 8(2), 110–122. https://doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v8n2.247
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Telecommunications
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