Exploring the Link Between Cashless Society and Cybercrime in Indonesia
Main Article Content
Keywords
cybercrime, fraud, cashless society, fintech, digital economy
Abstract
This study examines whether the rise in cybercrime activity in Indonesia is associated with the perceived benefits, convenience, and risk of a cashless society. In doing so, we apply Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to a total sample of 200 Indonesian respondents who have been victims of cyber fraud. The results indicate that the high cybercrime rate, including phishing, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS), and social engineering, is positively associated with the perceived benefits and risks of transacting online. The rise in cases of DDoS can particularly be linked to consumers’ increasing perceptions of convenience in undertaking cashless transactions. The findings suggest that more stringent cyber law enforcement needs to be implemented. Digital technologies will continue to improve, and more consumers will do transactions digitally. With increasing volumes of cashless transactions, the risk of cyber attacks will likely increase. Stakeholders need to strengthen data privacy and provide a secure environment for customers. International cooperation should be promoted through the establishment of virtual world law as economic activities and cybercrime risks now become borderless.
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References
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Kuzmin, V., & Menisov, A. (2021). An approach to identifying threats of extracting confidential data from automated control systems based on internet technologies. Business Informatics, 15(3), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.17323/2587-814X.2021.3.35.47
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Akamai International. (2013). Akamai’s State of the Internet. [online] Available at: https://www.akamai.com/us/en/multimedia/documents/state-of-the-internet/akamai-q4-2013state-of-the-internet-connectivity-report.pdf [accessed 16.02.2022]
ACFE. (2018). Global Study on Occupational Fraud and Abuse. Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, 10, 80.
Ajayi, E. F. G. (2016). Challenges to enforcement of cyber-crimes laws and policy. Journal of Internet and Information Systems, 6(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5897/jiis2015.0089
Almunawar, M. N., Anshari, M., & Lim, S. A. (2020). Customer acceptance of ride-hailing in Indonesia. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-09-2019-0082
Archer, N. (2012). Consumer identity theft prevention and identity fraud detection behaviours. Journal of Financial Crime. https://doi.org/10.1108/13590791211190704
Astuti, S. A. (2020). Era disrupsi teknologi 4.0 dan aspek hukum perlindungan data hak pribadi. PAJOUL (Pakuan Justice Journal Of Law), 01(01), 1–32.
Atems, B. (2020). Identifying the Dynamic Effects of Income Inequality on Crime. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 82(4), 751–782. https://doi.org/10.1111/obes.12359
Aviles, A. M., Sitorus, D., & Trujillo Tejada, V. P. (2019). Advancing Digital Financial Inclusion in ASEAN: Policy and Regulatory Enablers. The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/856241551375164922/Advancing-Digital-Financial-Inclusion-in-ASEAN-Policy-and-Regulatory-Enablers
Bank Indonesia (2021), Retrieved from Financial Statistics. https://www.bi.go.id/en/statistik/ekonomi-keuangan/ssp
Bayero, M. A. (2015). Effects of Cashless Economy Policy on Financial Inclusion in Nigeria: An Exploratory Study. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172, 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.334
BSSN, 2020. Retrieved from https://bssn.go.id/rekap-serangan-siber-januari-april-2020/
Campaniello, N., Gray, R., & Mastrobuoni, G. (2016). Returns to education in criminal organizations: Did going to college help Michael Corleone? Economics of Education Review, 54, 242–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2016.03.003
Chang, Y., Wong, S. F., Lee, H., & Jeong, S. P. (2016). What motivates Chinese consumers to adopt FinTech services: A regulatory focus theory. Proceedings of the 18th Annual International Conference on Electronic Commerce: E-Commerce in Smart Connected World, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1145/2971603.2971643
Choi, K. (2021). The Driving Force Behind Cybercrime: Cyber Resilience and Cybercriminology. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 37(3), 308–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862211001631
Choo, K.-K. R. (2011). The cyber threat landscape: Challenges and future research directions. Computers & Security, 30(8), 719–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2011.08.004
Dearden, T. E., Parti, K., & Hawdon, J. (2021). Institutional Anomie Theory and Cybercrime—Cybercrime and the American Dream, Now Available Online. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 37(3), 311–332. https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862211001590
Dwivedi, Y. K., Ismagilova, E., Hughes, D. L., Carlson, J., Filieri, R., Jacobson, J., Jain, V., Karjaluoto, H., Kefi, H., Krishen, A. S., Kumar, V., Rahman, M. M., Raman, R., Rauschnabel, P. A., Rowley, J., Salo, J., Tran, G. A., & Wang, Y. (2021). Setting the future of digital and social media marketing research: Perspectives and research propositions. International Journal of Information Management, 59(June 2020), 102168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102168
Esquivias, M. A., Sugiharti, L., Jayanti, A. D., Purwono, R., & Sethi, N. (2020). Mobile Technologies, Financial Inclusion and Inclusive Growth in East Indonesia. Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy, 8(2), 123–145. https://doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v8n2.253
Economist, 2021. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/international/2021/05/06/new-technology-has-enabled-cyber-crime-on-an-industrial-scale
Fauzi, A. A., & Sheng, M. L. (2020). Ride-hailing apps’ continuance intention among different consumer groups in Indonesia: The role of personal innovativeness and perceived utilitarian and hedonic value. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-05-2019-0332
Financial Inclusion Insights (2021). Retrieved from http://fii-website.staging.interactive.columnfivemedia.com/blog.php?country=37
Hidayati, A. N., Riadi, I., Ramadhani, E., & Amany, S. U. Al. (2021). Development of conceptual framework for cyber fraud investigation. Register: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Sistem Informasi, 7(2), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.26594/REGISTER.V7I2.2263
Hill, J. B., & Marion, N. E. (2016). Introduction to Cybercrime: Computer Crimes, Laws, and Policing in the 21st Century. Praeger Security International.
Honigsberg, C. (2020). Forensic Accounting. Annual Review Of Law and Social Science, 423–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-382165-2.00218-X
Hövermann, A., Groß, E. M., & Messner, S. F. (2016). Institutional imbalance, integration into Non-economic institutions, and a marketized mentality in Europe: A multilevel, partial elaboration of Institutional Anomie Theory. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 57(4), 231–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715216667452
Kemp, S., Miró-Llinares, F., & Moneva, A. (2020). The Dark Figure and the Cyber Fraud Rise in Europe: Evidence from Spain. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 26(3), 293–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-020-09439-2
Kusmiarto, K., Aditya, T., Djurdjani, D., & Subaryono, S. (2021). Digital Transformation of Land Services in Indonesia: A Readiness Assessment. Land, 10(2), 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10020120
Kuzmin, V., & Menisov, A. (2021). An approach to identifying threats of extracting confidential data from automated control systems based on internet technologies. Business Informatics, 15(3), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.17323/2587-814X.2021.3.35.47
Laut, I. M. M. J., & Narsa, I. M. (2021). The Importance of Forensic Tax and Accounting Knowledge to Prevent Fraud in New Normal Era. Journal of Hunan University (Natural Sciences), 48(2), 101–112.
Li, J., Wan, G., Wang, C., & Zhang, X. (2019). Which indicator of income distribution explains crime better? Evidence from China. China Economic Review, 54, 51–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2018.10.008
Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology.
Lubis, M., & Handayani, D. O. D. (2022). The relationship of personal data protection towards internet addiction: Cyber crimes, pornography and reduced physical activity. Procedia Computer Science, 197, 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.12.129
Malesev, S., & Cherry, M. (2021). Digital and Social Media Marketing — Growing Market Share for Construction SMEs. Construction Economics and Building, 21(1), 65–82. https://doi.org/10.5130/AJCEB.v21i1.7521
Messner, S. F., & Rosenfeld, R. (2012). Crime and the American dream. Cengage Learning. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446270097
Mieseigha, E. G., & Ogbodo, U. K. (2013). An empirical analysis of the benefits of cashless economy on Nigeria’s economic development. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 4(17), 11–16.
Mihardjo, L. W. W., Sasmoko, Alamsjah, F., & Elidjen. (2019). Digital transformation: A transformational performance-based conceptual model through co-creation strategy and business model innovation in the Industry 4.0 in Indonesia. International Journal of Economics and Business Research, 18(3), 369–386. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEBR.2019.102736
Muryani, Esquivias, M. A., Sethi, N., & Iswanti, H. (2021). Dynamics of Income Inequality, Investment, and Unemployment in Indonesia. Journal of Population and Social Studies, 29, 660–678. https://doi.org/10.25133/JPSSv292021.040
Nasution, R. A., Arnita, D., Rusnandi, L. S. L., Qodariah, E., Rudito, P., & Sinaga, M. F. N. (2020). Digital mastery in Indonesia: The organization and individual contrast. Journal of Management Development, 39(4), 359–390. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-03-2019-0081
Nawang, N. I. (2017). Combating anonymous offenders in the cyberspace: An overview of the legal approach in Malaysia. 2017 2nd International Conference on Anti-Cyber Crimes, ICACC 2017, August 1996, 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1109/Anti-Cybercrime.2017.7905255
Njanike, K., Mutengezanwa, M., & Gombarume, F. B. (2011). Internal Controls in Ensuring Good Corporate Governance in Financial Institutions. Annals of the University of Petrosani - Economics, 11(1), 187–196.
Office for National Statistics. (2022). Crime in England and Wales: year ending March 2022. Available at https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/bulletins/crimeinenglandandwales/yearendingmarch2022
Prabowo, H. Y. (2012). A better credit card fraud prevention strategy for Indonesia. Journal Of Money Laundering Control. https://doi.org/10.1108/13685201211238034
Purwanegara, M., Apriningsih, A., & Andika, F. (2014). Snapshot on Indonesia Regulation in Mobile Internet Banking Users Attitudes. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 115, 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.423
Putnam, T. L., & Elliott, D. D. (1999). To Cyber Crime. Terrorism, 35–67.
Ruiz-Real, J. L., Uribe-Toril, J., Torres, J. A., & Pablo, J. D. E. (2021). Artificial intelligence in business and economics research: Trends and future. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 22(1), 98–117. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2020.13641
Salman, M., & Saleem, I. (2017). Role of digital competence in cashless economy. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 19(11), 49–53. https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-1905064953
Smith, R. G. (2010). Identity theft and fraud. In Jewkes & Yar (Eds.), Handbook of internet crime. Routledge.
Sugiharti, L., Esquivias, M. A., Shaari, M. S., Agustin, L., & Rohmawati, H. (2022). Criminality and Income Inequality in Indonesia. Social Sciences, 11(3), 142. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11030142
Suryono, R. R. (2019). Financial Technology (Fintech) Dalam Perspektif Aksiologi. Masyarakat Telematika Dan Informasi: Jurnal Penelitian Teknologi Informasi Dan Komunikasi, 10(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.17933/mti.v10i1.138
Suryono, R. R., Budi, I., & Purwandari, B. (2021). Detection of fintech P2P lending issues in Indonesia. Heliyon, 7(4), e06782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06782
Svabova, L., Kramarova, K., Chutka, J., & Strakova, L. (2020). Detecting earnings manipulation and fraudulent financial reporting in Slovakia. Oeconomia Copernicana, 11(3), 485–508. https://doi.org/10.24136/OC.2020.020
Tee, H.-H., & Ong, H.-B. (2016). Cashless payment and economic growth. Financial Innovation, 2(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-016-0023-z
Teja, A. (2017). Indonesian Fintech Business: New Innovations or Foster and Collaborate in Business Ecosystems? 2. Literature Study and Hypothesis Development. 10(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.12695/ajtm.2017.10.1.2
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Published
Sep 21, 2022
Article Details
How to Cite
Mauladi, K. F., Jaya, I. M. L. M., & Esquivias, M. A. (2022). Exploring the Link Between Cashless Society and Cybercrime in Indonesia. Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy, 10(3), 58–76. https://doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v10n3.533
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Section
Digital Economy & Society
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright Telecommunications Association Inc.
Author Biography
Miguel Angel Esquivias, Universitas Airlangga
Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Airlangga.
